Biodiversity and Climate Change Part II- WNY Primacy

Biodiversity and Climate Change Part 2

WNY Primacy

by Jay Burney

Preserve, Protect, and Defend, -biodiversity

In part 1, we explored that the fundamental cause of human created climate change is the eradication of biodiversity.  Eradication is enriched by the economic exploitation and the characterization of these resources as commodities.   The harvesting of forests and the use of our waterways as waste repositories have dealt fundamental blows to our planets ability to support life.  The ecological services provided by ecosystems are marginalized as economic “externalities”.  Ecological and social contexts have to be woven in to the sustainability equation with the real bottom line being biodiversity. A purely economic definition of “sustainable development” remains an oxymoron.  We have to change this.

The potential negative impact on our region’s biodiversity by climate change is substantial.  The positive contribution to atmospheric stability by biodiversity is fundamental science.  We must recognize the overwhelming significance of habitat destruction and the exploitation of natural resources. This is a very addressable strategy.

We Can

-Rethink, redefine, and react to fundamental causes of climate change. This will characterize the value of our current generations. 

-Identify, catalog and reverse the unprecedented human evisceration of biodiversity.

WNY is located in one of the most historically biodiverse regions on the planet. Our Great Lakes, rivers, creeks, streams, wetlands, forests, uplands, and meadows are vital components of a rapidly vanishing bioregion of global significance.

Although most of our natural assets have been urbanized or seriously altered by human activity there remain significant areas that are ecologically productive.   Most areas can return to ecological productivity with planning and investment.

The Sweetwater Seas

The Great Lakes contain nearly 1/5^th of the world’s fresh surface water.

The Great Lakes Basin is a bioregion that supports nearly 10% of the US population and 25% of the population of Canada.  Urbanization, industry and agriculture have diminished our ecologically productive capacity.

Our waters are a valuable asset.   They face growing threats championed by economic activities with a laser focus on growth and development.  We can enhance our planets capacity to support life and atmospheric stability if we continue to provide opportunities for biodiversity.  But only if we engage conservation as a primary first line of defense.

One of the most significant threats to our waters involves waste treatment and disposal. For example, just seven sewer authorities throughout the Great Lakes including the Buffalo Sewer Authority (BSA) discharge almost 20 billion gallons of untreated sewerage and storm water through Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). The BSA is responsible for releasing almost 2 billion gallons per year of our untreated material into the Niagara River, Buffalo River, Black Rock Canal, Scajaquada Creek and 52 other permitted outfalls. 

The good news is that currently the BSA has a 19 year plan developed in conjunction with RiverKeeper to address CSOs.  The BSA is one of the only sewer authorities in the Great Lakes with a “Green Infrastructure Plan”.  It comes with a $500 million plus price tag. 

The bad news is that the BSA plan is not enough and there is no guarantee that the money can be raised. Our culture is in a current suicidal cycle of downplaying infrastructure investments of this kind. Maybe we will build a new football stadium instead.

The bad news goes deeper with the BSA. It is a “self-permitting” Public Authority.  The BSA alone determines and monitors what it processes through its system.  This is not a unique situation. The political and economic underpinnings of a Public Authority give the BSA extraordinary legal powers and can keep public scrutiny at arms length. Contentious issues involving permitting disclosures  result.

-The BSA is the sole authority for Buffalo Pollution Discharge Elimination System Permits (BPDES), issues permits for “Trucked in Waste” and permits for “Temporary Discharges”.

While the BSA is on record as saying that it is doing nothing illegal, permit applicants “self-identify” the materials that they are seeking to discharge into the lake.

This means that the potential for deliberate or unintentional misidentification of materials permitted for release by private entities is there. Public scrutiny of these permits does not include public review of permit applications prior to permitting.

We would be shocked, just shocked if illegal activity takes place, but the potential is there.

A recent example of the kinds of problems that exist under this current system include an investigation of fracking wastewater permits undertaken by ArtVoice in the late winter of 2011-12.

http://artvoice.com/issues/v10n6/week_in_review/seven_days

Hydrofracking

Despite all the industry hype about the environmental benefits of a transitional natural gas economy, one of the least reported aspects of hydrofracking is that the activity releases huge amounts of methane, a less reported but highly significant greenhouse gas. Coupled with the documented consequences of using billions of gallons of water, concocting and injecting proprietary chemical soups that are highly toxic that appear in groundwater, aquifers, and other drinking water sources, hydrofracking is not the answer. Even on a purely economic basis hydrofracking does not live up to industry hype. Mix in the development of landscapes eaten by roads, well heads, lagoons, and other infrastructure demands, it becomes more clear that this energy strategy does not support biodiversity and is instead another nail in the coffin of atmospheric stability.

Land Use

Land use models that transcend traditional economic factors are being developed locally. Riverkeeper has  introduced a GIS land use database focusing on watersheds. This groundbreaking approach to identifying value is transforming our ability to promote conservation and protection. Other local working groups are focusing on expanding the concept and identifying areas that have  economically quantifiable ecological services values such as intact or partially intact ecosystems on both public and private lands. County Forests, parkland, land banks, abandoned farmland, trails, wood lots, and other areas are strategic places.

A new database approach could form the basis of quantifiable analysis of critical habitat and biodiversity generators. The objective is to create a tool to build upon traditional land use concepts that help citizens and governments determine planning, zoning, conservation, and land protection. One potential outcome is incentives that would target keeping public and private land ecologically productive.

Buffalo Waterfront

We can recreate an ecologically productive waterfront by avoiding industrial, commercial or inappropriate mixed use development.  Only if we make significant public investments does this land become valuable land for the developers. Instead of driving profits just to the developers, lets invest in an economic plan that benefits a broader spectrum.

By concentrating development on the downtown side of the river and harbor and we will build a better city. The outer harbor should remain as open space with public access. How about a National Marine Sanctuary just off shore? An economic plan that encourages conservation through recreational and tourism will make us wealthier as a sustainable community.

Urban Greenscaping

Community owned lands such as parks and streetscapes can contribute to biodiversity. If you have a yard you can make a difference.  Here is how- Learn about the kinds of beneficial animals such as pollinators, local birds, and butterflies that depend on native plants, and then landscape with those plants! There are plenty of local organizations that promote this kind of gardening. One word of caution, -avoid using native plants in rain gardens that collect street runoff.  Toxic materials from automobiles, lawn chemicals and other poisons can accumulate in these gardens and if you are using plants that attract native butterflies, birds, and bees, they will absorb the toxins, which can be counterproductive.

An Interview with Wangari Maathai

First Published in ArtVoice- February 15, 2007 

Dr. Wangari Muta Maathai passed away in September 2011 in Nairobi. I was lucky enough to have met her when she came to Buffalo as part of UB's Distinguished Speaker series, and I was even more lucky to have been able to spend some time with her then. Subsequently we kept up correspondence and I spoke with her last just a month before she passed. Our topics were almost always about biodiversity and activism. She referred to me as her "little brother" an intimacy which I cherished from the first moment she said it. I remember saying to her, "but sister, I dont look like you" and she replied, "look in the mirror again, you look just like me."  My "big sister" left a huge imprint during her time on the planet. To learn more about her visit this site:  http://greenbeltmovement.org/w.php?id=3

Wangari with two children at UB, 2007. Photo by Jay Burney

Sage Advice for a Green Future

 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Wangari Maathai Visits Buffalo

-by Jay Burney

Artvoice Columnist and Learning Sustainability Campaign founder Jay Burney was able to spend a few hours over a couple of days with Pan African Greenbelt Movement advocate and 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Recipient Dr. Wangarai Maathai during her visit to Buffalo in early February. This is his account.

Wangari Maathai came to town the first week in February to speak at the State University of New York at Buffalo’s Distinguished Speaker Series. This was part of UB’s 31st annual Martin Luther King Commemorative Event. Most people in Buffalo didn’t seem to make much of a big deal of it. But make no mistake, Dr. Wangari Maathai, winner of the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize is a very big deal. And we have to thank the UB MLK committee organizers including Ruth Byrant and Mary Gresham for hosting this thoughtful and earth shaking provocateur.

The lecture took place at UB’s beautiful Center for the Arts on a bitterly cold evening.  The weather was terrible and the windswept and treeless north campus of UB was no ones friend. Perhaps because of this, attendance at the event was disappointing. But those that had the fortitude to endure the February obstacles were rewarded with extraordinarily wise words from an extraordinarily strong woman from the living heart and soul of Africa.

Dr. Maathai was born in a rural village in Kenya, and through persistence and brilliance was able to blaze a pathway that helped her become, among other things, the first woman from east and central Africa to obtain a doctorate degree.  She was elected a member of the Kenyan Parliament in 2002 and in 2004 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

The Nobel Prize was established as an international award in 1901 and recognizes achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Peace Prize has been awarded annually to 94 people and 19 organizations. Past winners include Martin Luther King, Theodore Roosevelt, Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan, Elie Wiesel, The Dalai Lama, and Lech Walesa.

Dr Maathai is a profoundly consequential human rights activist and environmental leader.  She is the founder of the Pan African Greenbelt Movement which focuses on economic empowerment and conservation.  This movement is spreading worldwide.

Early in her life she recognized a need to improve womens conditions and quality of life in Africa.  She identified the poor conditions of the enviornment as a cause of fundamental social and economic problems, especially in rural African communities and villages.   The Greenbelt Movement is a broad-based, grassroots program whose main focus is the planting of trees.  The objective is to both conserve the environment and create economic opportunity for women. The Movement has assisted African women in planting more than 30 million trees on farms, schools and church compounds.

“Once you replace an indigenous forest or ecosystem with a plantation or monoculture, or with nothing at all, you create problems” said Dr. Maathai.  “Soil erosion of thousands of tons is devastating great parts of Africa. When you clearcut a forest, or remove this ecosystem, you reduce the capacity to retain soil.”

Soil helps to nurture our food system, clean and retain our water, and sustain life. Environmental degradation has an economic impact, especially on local impacted and often impoverished communities. Dr. Maathai says that planting trees provides tremendous benefit. ”Trees stem erosion. They absorb carbon and we can use them in our efforts to fight climate change.  Do you know that each person over a lifetime emits carbon that takes 6 mature trees to absorb?  If we each plant a tree, we can plant 6 billion of them. Our goal is 1 billion worldwide.”  “We decided that planting trees would benefit the environment, and we recruited and found money for women to do the job.”

Her lifelong championing of empowerment, women’s rights, the environment, and human rights has not been easy.  Along the way she has been jailed, beaten, and divorced by a husband who said in court that he “could not control her”

“It really started for me”, said Dr. Maathai, “when in the late 1950’s a young American Senator named John F. Kennedy, working with others in this Country including Thurgood Marshall and Martin Luther King, looked at some of the developing nations in Africa and embarked upon a course of bringing young Africans to America for an education so that they could go back to their country and make a difference.”  “We did!” she said enthusiastically.

UB President John Simpson introduced the Distinguished Speakers program by saying that public research universities like UB “are designed to provide forums for the discussion of key social issues, problems, and challenges on a global, regional, and local basis.” He characterized Dr. Maathai as an intellectual and activist and one of he world’s leading voices of conservation and human rights.

Echoing that theme, Dr. Mary Gresham, Dean of UB’s Graduate School of Education, introduced Dr. Maathai by reminding the audience of an American indigenous saying “Treat the earth well, it was not give to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children.”

Dr. Maathai opened her presentation by talking about the message of the Nobel Peace prize.

“This has always been given to recognize those that promote peace and try to stop war. Every award has been historic.”

Early on the prize was given to caregivers on battlefields, and to doctors and political leaders and diplomats and eventually to those that champion human rights.

“My award was historic. It was a recognition of conservation and the environment as it links to human rights and peace.”

“The message of the award is that in order to live in peace with each other, we need to manage limited resources on the planet more responsibly and accountability and we have to share resources more equitably.”

”In order to do this we need to govern ourselves with political systems that allow respect for human rights, law and diversity and the voice of minorities must be heard. If we can do this we are more likely to preempt the reasons why so many of us go to war on a local regional or global basis.  There is hardly any war or conflict that does not reflect this. It is about management, access, and control of resources on this planet. It is about oil, water, and land. These are the resources that we go to war over.  And as they become more scarce, unless we learn to mange our resources more responsibly, more equitably, there is not way that we will ever ever see peace on this planet. This is the message of this Nobel Peace prize. This is the challenge of our time.”

Dr Maathai describes Africa as a continent rich in resources with a majority of the people in poverty. She says that those resources have been exploited by economic interests that do not represent the interests of the people. She links economic exploitation with corrupt local and foreign governments.  “When we first held meetings about planting trees, our government tried to stop us. A corrupt government is not interested in the welfare of the people. They misuse common resources such as forests, land and water. They work to enrich themselves.  They do not want the public to know what they are doing, and so they try to work behind closed doors. They do not want the people to know that the people control those resources.” “Governments can get away with murder unless they are challenged.”

One example of exploitation that Dr. Mathaii uses involves loans from developed countries including the U.S and economic interests that the U. S. represents to developing nations.  “These loans put us in perpetual debt.  Why would you loan us $10 and expect us to pay back $1,000?  We are always paying back the interest and never get to the principle. This is a debt that is passed on to future generations. It is money that we cannot use for education, for healthcare, and for our own enrichment and quality of life.”

She decries the exploitation of the African and developing world’s people and environment by “affluent societies”.  “We live on a very small planet. If you destroy what you think of as a “distant corner”, it will come back and destroy us all.”

Part of Dr. Mathaai’s work has included the creation of an “anti plastics” campaign. 

”Plastic bags have replaced traditional baskets that we make. This has local economic impact because we are no longer making baskets, and contributes heavily to environmental degradation.”  The plastic making process is both highly polluting “and it fills our forests and ecosystems and our landfills with materials that do not biodegrade. Why don’t we recycle more, reduce, reuse, recycle?” “Landfills”, she says, “which are often intentionally located in poor communities, are ticking time bombs. How can we provide a future for our children unless we deal with this?”

What can we do?

“Sometimes I feel completely overwhelmed.” Said Dr. Mathaai. “but when you understand that you can make a difference, that you can have a positive impact on future generations, you can never rest.”

“Self empowerment is critical.  When we first started to plant trees we were told by the professional foresters that we could not do it. That it would cost too much money.  Foresters, like many professionals, are very “complicated” people. Bless their hearts.  But to us, this was a matter of life and death.  And so our first revolutionary step was to teach ourselves how to do it. You plant a tree and it grows. You have to take care of it, water it, nurture it, but when it grows it looks just like the tree that  the professional plants.  And we grew trees and recruited more women. And now we have thousands of nurseries managed by women, for women and families, for communities, and for the earth.”

Dr. Mathaai also says that we also must realize that while it is always easy to blame someone else, say the government for our problems, it is important to know that we can make choices. She links this self responsibility to empowerment.  ”Understanding where the problems come from can be a revolutionary concept. We realized early on that many of the environmental problems were of our own making. We learned that there is a lot we can do for ourselves, which is very very empowering. It is a transforming experience, as an individual.”  So, if you are creating a problem rather than practicing a solution, fix it yourself. If the government is creating a problem, managing the resources inappropriately, creating policies that you think may be harmful, get involved, vote, change the government.

Dr. Mathaai had some advice for President Simpson who likes to advance the position that UB is a “green” university.  “In Parliament I discovered that we print paper documents, and we always used only one side of the paper.  I went to the President and said if we use two sides of the paper we can reduce paper use by ½, and this will save trees, not to mention, save money.  He agreed. He sent a letter out to all government agencies saying that from now on we will all use two sides of the paper.  I suggest, Dr. Simpson, that you do the same at the University!”

This writer, from the once great “city of trees”, and as a self identified tree hugger would also like to impart a word of advice to President Simpson. Out there on those windswept barren plains of the North Campus-plant some trees, please. Plant a lot of trees. That would be an important legacy long remembered not only of the visit to the campus by the very distinguished Wangari Maathai, but also a legacy to your leadership.